Sleep disorders, particularly sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), have far-reaching consequences that go beyond just poor sleep. Millions of people suffer from conditions like obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), yet many remain undiagnosed and untreated, putting their health and quality of life at serious risk. In fact, nearly 1 billion adults globally experience some form of SDB, and in the United States alone, it’s estimated that 25 million adults suffer from OSA – with as many as 80% of cases going undiagnosed. This lack of awareness and treatment can lead to a cascade of health issues.
What Happens When Sleep Disorders Go Untreated?
Untreated sleep disorders can have a significant impact on nearly every aspect of health, from heart function to mental well-being. The pauses in breathing and reduced oxygen levels that occur with SDB place stress on the body, which can lead to serious, and sometimes irreversible, health consequences.
Let’s explore the major health risks associated with untreated sleep disorders, focusing on each system they impact.
1. Cardiovascular Disease
One of the most dangerous effects of untreated sleep disorders, particularly OSA, is the increased risk of heart disease. The repeated drops in oxygen levels during sleep put tremendous strain on the cardiovascular system.
- Hypertension (High Blood Pressure): Sleep apnea causes frequent surges in blood pressure as the body struggles to restore oxygen. Over time, this can lead to chronic hypertension, a major risk factor for heart disease and stroke.
- Heart Attacks and Stroke: People with untreated OSA are up to four times more likely to experience a heart attack, and their risk of stroke increases by as much as two to three times. The constant strain on the heart from interrupted sleep cycles can weaken the cardiovascular system over time.
2. Diabetes and Metabolic Health
There is a strong correlation between sleep disorders and metabolic conditions like diabetes. The interrupted sleep patterns seen in people with SDB contribute to insulin resistance, where the body becomes less effective at processing glucose. This can lead to:
- Increased Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: People with untreated sleep apnea are more likely to develop type 2 diabetes. Studies have shown that approximately 48% of individuals with type 2 diabetes also have sleep-disordered breathing.
- Weight Gain and Obesity: Poor sleep disrupts hormones that regulate hunger and metabolism. Those with untreated sleep disorders are more likely to experience weight gain, which, in turn, worsens sleep apnea in a dangerous cycle. Obesity is present in 58% of moderate to severe OSA cases.
3. Cognitive Decline and Neurological Health
Sleep is crucial for cognitive function, and untreated sleep disorders can impair the brain’s ability to perform optimally. Over time, chronic sleep deprivation from SDB can lead to:
- Memory and Cognitive Impairment: Frequent awakenings and reduced oxygen levels can affect memory, learning, and the ability to concentrate. People with untreated OSA are more likely to develop mild cognitive impairment (MCI), a precursor to dementia.
- Increased Risk of Alzheimer’s Disease: Recent research has shown a possible link between OSA and the accelerated buildup of beta-amyloid plaques in the brain, which are associated with Alzheimer’s disease. Inadequate sleep impairs the brain’s ability to clear these plaques.
4. Mood Disorders and Mental Health
Mental health and sleep quality are closely intertwined. Sleep disorders like OSA not only cause physical health issues but also take a toll on emotional well-being.
- Depression and Anxiety: The constant interruptions in sleep seen with SDB can increase levels of stress and anxiety. Individuals with untreated sleep apnea are at higher risk for developing depression, and studies show that treating sleep apnea can significantly improve mood.
- Irritability and Mood Swings: Without proper rest, people often experience mood swings, irritability, and reduced emotional resilience. These effects can strain relationships, work performance, and overall quality of life.
5. Respiratory and Immune Health
Sleep is critical for the body’s ability to repair and regenerate tissues, and poor sleep from disorders like SDB can compromise immune function.
- Respiratory Complications: Untreated OSA can worsen pre-existing respiratory conditions like asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The reduced oxygen intake during sleep weakens the lungs’ ability to function properly.
- Weakened Immune Response: People with untreated sleep disorders are more susceptible to infections. Chronic sleep deprivation weakens the immune system’s response, making individuals more prone to illness and slower to recover from infections.
6. Increased Risk of Accidents and Injury
Daytime sleepiness caused by untreated sleep disorders can lead to serious accidents, especially when it comes to operating vehicles or heavy machinery.
- Motor Vehicle Accidents: Individuals with untreated OSA are much more likely to experience daytime drowsiness, which increases the risk of car accidents. In fact, people with OSA are 2.5 times more likely to be involved in a motor vehicle accident.
- Workplace Accidents: Sleep disorders can impair reaction times, decision-making, and alertness, increasing the risk of workplace injuries. Those who work in high-risk professions, such as truck drivers or factory workers, face even greater danger.
Why Early Diagnosis and Treatment Matter
Given the extensive health risks associated with untreated sleep disorders, early diagnosis is critical. Many people don’t realize they have SDB, as symptoms such as snoring or daytime fatigue can be easily dismissed. However, understanding the signs and seeking professional evaluation can make all the difference in preventing long-term health complications.
Treatment Options for Sleep Disorders:
- Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP): CPAP is one of the most common treatments for OSA. This therapy uses air pressure to keep the airway open during sleep, preventing interruptions in breathing. CPAP serves as a maintenance solution rather than a cure, addressing symptoms without treating the underlying causes, such as poor muscle tone or structural airway issues. Although it can reduce apnea episodes, CPAP doesn’t resolve the root problem and presents challenges with adherence—many find the mask uncomfortable and difficult to use regularly, with less than 50% adhering to long-term use. This makes CPAP a less-than-optimal option, as it requires ongoing use without offering a permanent solution.
- Oromyofunctional Therapy (OMT): OMT focuses on strengthening the muscles that support the airway, which can reduce airway collapse during sleep. This therapy is particularly effective for children and adults with muscle-related airway issues.
- Lifestyle Modifications: Weight loss, improved sleep hygiene, and optimal breathing techniques can significantly improve symptoms of sleep-disordered breathing.
- Surgical Options: In severe cases, surgical interventions, such as upper airway surgeries or the placement of nerve stimulators, may be necessary to maintain airway patency during sleep.
Conclusion: Take Action to Improve Your Sleep and Health
Sleep disorders are not just an inconvenience; they are a serious health risk with far-reaching consequences. From heart disease to cognitive decline and mood disorders, untreated sleep-disordered breathing can have profound effects on your overall health. At BreatheWorks, we emphasize the importance of early diagnosis and personalized treatment plans to address the root causes of sleep disorders. Whether through oromyofunctional therapy, CPAP, or lifestyle changes, taking steps to improve your sleep can transform your health and quality of life.
